GC 170A1 INTRO TO GLOBAL CHANGE
MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Fall 201
5

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(NOTE:  the link to the
ANSWER KEY for the Practice Questions will  be posted at the very end of the Practice Questions webpage.)

The MIDTERM EXAM is WEDNESDAY  OCT 14th  in our classroom


 The TAs & preceptors for our class will be holding
Midterm Exam Study Sessions at the following times:

Monday Oct 12th  from 3:30 --5:00  pm
&
 Tuesday Oct 13th from 2-3:30 pm
in the
BANNISTER TREE-RING BUILDING, Room 110
Click here for directions


 FORMAT OF THE EXAM:

The exam is worth 200 points and will consist of questions in a variety of formats:  multiple choice questions (about 25  five point questions), fill-in-the-blankfigure or graph interpretation, make-a-sketch, short answer, and essay  (worth about 75 points).

·         For the multiple-choice part of the test you will answer on the IF/AT form which allows partial credit:  

if-at

It will be graded as follows:

Each multiple-point question on the IF-AT form will be worth either  5 points each.

If  you  uncover the star that indicates the correct answer on the first scratch-off attempt (as in Question #1 on the example at left) you will receive full credit (5 pts)

If you need to scratch off two boxes to uncover the star, you will receive 3 points (as in Question  #2).

If you need to scratch off three boxes to find the star, you will receive 1 point.

If you end up having to scratch off all 4 boxes to uncover the star, you will receive 0 points for that question.

·         To answer the other questions on the exam, you will sketch or write on the test itself. 

·         You may bring a calculator to the exam to assist you with any simple computations that may be on the test (computations will be minimal, if any.)

·         No other electronic devices (smartphones, tablets, cell phones, or laptops, etc.)  may be used during the exam unless you have obtained permission in advance from Dr H.

  WHAT YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR:

  •   CLASS NOTES PACKET:  TOPICS #1  through #7

  •  Information presented in all class LECTURE PRESENTATIONS  [see the Class Follow-Up to review them]

  •   The content of the CLASS ACTIVITIES and ASSIGNMENTS you've had so far (Periodic Table Activity, G-1 on Absorption Curves, G-2  on Energy Efficiency and I-1  Lesson 1 on CO2 and the Greenhouse Effect)

  •   The content of your Self Checks & Readiness Quizzes (Practice Self Test on Global Change Overview,  RQ-1, RQ -2, RQ-3, and RQ-4 )

  • Tests #1 and Test #2

  The best ways to focus your study:

·         Focus on the key things listed on the "TOP TEN THINGS TO STUDY" for In-Class Tests #1 & 2 (The TOP TEN lists are a succinct summary of most of the key concepts from the course that you should know and understand.  If you haven't done so already, print out the Top Ten’s and go through each one to structure your studying.)  

·         Do a quick review of all the CLASS FOLLOW-UP PAGES thus far to be sure you haven't missed any key topics or assignments

SOME GENERAL POINTERS ON HOW TO STUDY:

(1)   FIGURES and GRAPHS in Class Notes, on your assignments and in your textbooks are usually important “synthesizers” of information (“a picture is worth a thousand words”).

·   You should be able to understand, interpret, and explain the figures in your reading material and class notes packet.

·   In addition to word questions, you will be given some FIGURES or GRAPHS to interpret on the exam.  (These will be taken directly from your textbooks or class notes packet, or will be very similar to graphs and figures you’ve seen in class.) 

·   You may receive a figure with some of the information on it "whited out" or without any labels and asked to fill in some missing information. 

Examples of questions that might involve a figure or a graph:

·    Could you sketch in what happens to an electron when a photon is emitted (e.g. leaps to a higher or lower energy level)?  [Hint: see p 19 in CLASS NOTES]

·    Could you answer questions about a figure of the electromagnetic spectrum or label the areas of x-rays, UV, visible, and IR, and microwave  radiation if they were “whited out” in Fig 3-3 p. 38 in SGC-E-text?

·   Could you sketch in a theoretical ABSORPTION CURVE (see p 26 in Class Notes and the G-1 activity)  (for the answer, see  Topic # 5 Wrap-Up on Sep 21 in  CLASS FOLLOW UP)

 

(2)   Reviewing the Self Checks and the “Top Ten” things to study listed for Test #1 & # 2 is a good place to begin your studying to be sure you recall what you read in the textbook.  The exam questions, however, will be more demanding than the Readiness Quiz-type questions.  In particular, they will emphasize the application and synthesis of the knowledge you’ve gained since the beginning of the semester, not  just the memorization of facts, ideas, and concepts.

 

(3)  An important part of your studying should be to TIE TOGETHER different topics that we’ve covered and to make connections between how the same topic is addressed in Class Notes, lecture notes, and the SGC E-text.  This is also the point in the semester when you should be able to start tying the concepts together into "a big picture." Questions will be asked that require you to link up different parts of the course.  As you read over the material and study it, be constantly asking yourself questions (and answering them) to test your own understanding. 

            Examples of questions that tie concepts from different parts of the semester together:  

·   How does knowing that ozone in the stratosphere absorbs incoming shortwave radiation help you explain why the atmospheric temperature heats up in the stratosphere? 

·   On an absorption curve of the whole atmosphere  (see bottom of p 28  in Class Notes and Topic #5 Part II)  where are the two "atmospheric windows" mentioned in class (i.e., wavelength ranges where radiation moves through the atmosphere relatively unimpeded)?  Why are they called windows?   What is the difference between the UV/Visible "atmospheric window" and the "outgoing IR" atmospheric window? 

  (4)  The EXAM will NOT cover the following reading:  Pages 9-17 in SGC-E-Text Chapter 1.

 

 THE MAIN TOPICS THE EXAM WILL COVER   

Topic # 1 & 2 

-- Be familiar with the Powers of  Ten and scientific notation (pp 11 in Class Notes); 

Topic # 3  Energy & Matter Overview

·   Can you describe what matter is and what it is made up of? 

·   Can you explain the basis for how elements are arranged in the Periodic Table?  Could you arrange an element in its proper row or column if you were given a way to figure out the number of protons in the element and the number of electrons in its outermost shell? (We did this in class -- and you can review it again on your own in the Periodic Table Activity On Your Own  pdf.

·   Can you describe or sketch the unique way that electrons behave and how photons of electromagnetic energy  are emitted or absorbed when electrons make quantum leaps between energy levels in their orbit around an atomic nucleus?  (Remember, electrons are matter and they do the quantum “leaping” while photons are energy which is emitted or absorbed – see pp 19-20  in Class Notes) 

·   Can you describe the quantum behavior of molecules (not atoms) when certain molecules rotate and vibrate at specific frequencies and why this explains why some gases are greenhouse gases and some are not? (Remember, atoms, & molecules are matter and they do the quantum rotating/vibrating, while photons are energy which is emitted or absorbed – see pp 48-50 in SGC-E-text

Topic #4  Electromagnetic Radiation & the Electromagnetic Spectrum

·   Can you explain how electromagnetic energy behaves (wave & photons, wavelength & frequency)? 

·   Do you understand the electromagnetic spectrum, know its order, and the wavelength ranges of UV, visible, and IR radiation?  By "order" I mean the  relative wavelength from short to long:  of gamma, x-rays, UV, visible, IR, microwaves & radio waves?  Which wavelengths tend to be harmful to life on Earth?

·   Do you know what the typical sources of the different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation are?  ( see p 22  in Class Notes and  the additional reading on The Electromagnetic Spectrum   ) UV, visible light and IR radiation, can you link this back to the discussion of matter (Topic #3) and the quantum behavior of electrons and molecules -- i.e. Do you know which wavelengths of the Electromagnetic Spectrum involve quantum leaps in atoms and which involve  vibrational and rotational behavior in molecules?

   Can you tie what you know about electromagnetic radiation and the radiation laws (see next topic) to the SAVED BY THE SUN video? 

Topic # 5 The Radiation Laws

·   Do you understand the radiation laws (e.g. Wien’s Law, Stefan-Boltzmann Law, inverse-square law, concept of a blackbody  and why these concepts are keys to understanding many global change concepts?

·   Do you know the peak  wavelengths of transmission of solar energy  ( 0. 5 μm) and terrestrial energy (10. 0 μm)?  [memorize this – note how it looks in a figure as well (Fig 3-8 on p 42 of SGC-E-text)

·   Do you understand what absorption curves are (including how to read them and draw a simple, hypothetical one as on p 26   in Class Notes and in G-1 )?  Do you understand what they reveal about the greenhouse effect, atmospheric transmissivity and absorption by different gases, and the interaction of atmospheric gases with solar (shortwave) and terrestrial (longwave, IR) radiation?   a TIE-TOGETHER concept!

·   Can you succinctly explain what greenhouse gases are and what the natural greenhouse effect is?    Here’s are some definitions – be sure you understand these and be able to re-state these in your OWN words:

Greenhouse gases (GHG’s) (def):  Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor that warm a planet’s surface by absorbing infrared radiation and reradiating some of it back toward the surface.

       IMPORTANT:  reradiating is NOT “reflecting” or “bouncing” !!  Terrestrial  infrared radiation (IR) is absorbed by the GHG’s, then emitted (radiated back out)  by the GHG’s.  The IR does not “bounce off” or “reflect off” the GHG’s or the atmosphere!

Greenhouse effect (GHE) (def):  The natural mechanism by which a planet’s surface is warmed by infrared –absorbing gases in its atmosphere.  (NOTE:  we use the term "anthropogenically enhanced greenhouse effect” to describe the increase of the GHE due to the accumulation of additional GHG’s contributed by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels).

Can you explain the processes associated with the natural greenhouse effect in words or a cartoon diagram?     [Go through the Class Concepts  Self Test on p 29 of Class Notes to be sure you understand these concepts.]   NOTE: only these two arrows  (representing IR) are involved in the GHE è

 GHE cartoon

REMEMBER:  the GHE involves longwave (LW)  infrared (IR) radiation ONLY – the parts of the cartoon  diagram showing shortwave (SW)  solar radiation are NOT part of the GHE and should not be used in an explanation of the GHE!! 


Topic # 6 Atmospheric Structure & Composition

·   Can you explain how the atmosphere's structure and temperature varies with altitude, and what causes these variations?.  (See Fig. 3-9 and 3-11 in SGC-E-text  and pp 31-32   in Class Notes. )

·   Can you reason out and answer the Q's about the Transfer & Absorption of Solar Radiation figure on  the bottom of  p 32 of Class Notes? 

·   Do you know what gases are the most abundant in the atmosphere and which gases are considered GREENHOUSE GASES  (Table 3-2 in SGC-E-text & p 33-34  in Class Notes). Do you understand that nearly all of the major GH gases come from both natural and anthropogenic sources, but that their concentration began to increase rapidly in the 20th century, primarily due to the anthropogenic sources (be familiar with some of the these sources).  Know which type of GH gases are human-made only.

·  Can you describe and explain the "Greenhouse Signature" (see p 33in Class Notes) and why cooling in the stratosphere would take place with a stronger greenhouse effect warming in the troposphere?

·    Review the KEY CONCEPTS on p 35 in Class Notes -- it's a good summary of some important points!

Topic #7 Laws of Thermodynamics & Motion

·   Do you understand the differences between the similar-sounding concepts of  Thermal Energy, Temperature, and Heat?

·   Do you understand what specific heat is and how to interpret the table on p 38 in Class Notes?

·   Can you describe the differences between the energy transfer processes of:  conduction, convection, and radiation?

·   If the 1st & 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics were stated for you, could you match them with a real-world application (e.g. direction of  heat energy flow from hotter to colder body)  (You don’t have to memorize the Laws, just be know what they mean if they are stated for you.)  For a challenging  SELF CHECK on this see Q1-Q3 in the middle of p 41 in CLASS NOTES.  Could you explain how car exhaust is a manifestation of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics and hence also related  the the concept of "entropy"? (see Topic #7 Part II in Class Follow UP and  p 40 in Class Notes).

 ·  Do you know how to read and interpret an energy flow diagram like those you drew for the light bulbs in class?  Can you depict the energy flow in a diagram for a very inefficient light bulb vs a very efficient light bulb.  Could you sketch and label your own energy flow diagrams for different types of like you did in the G-2 exercise?

 ·  Do you understand how the Law of Inertia (Newton's 1st Law) and a body's mass (as in Newton's 2nd Law) determine the amount of force (and the energy needed to apply the force) to get a big, heavy vehicle accelerating from a stop vs. a small, light vehicle? Do you understand how the Law of Inertia is related to ENERGY EFFICEINCY in transportation (e.g., freight trains vs trucks, small automobiles vs. large, etc.)

 ·  Could you calculate the energy efficiency of a power plant, automobile or other heat engine as we did in class for the coal power plant and you did for the automobile in G-2 (see Class Notes on Oct7 for the answers to G-2).

·  Could you explain the difference between Land and Ocean on the rate of global warming  that is seen in the 2 graphs in the middle of p 38 in Class Notes?  Can you answer the two Q's on the bottom of p 38?

 

 

Synthesis and Tying Topics Together

  •  Can you now see how items in the individual topics we’ve been covering  are related to each other?  Can you fit the “pieces of the puzzle” together into a connected understanding?  Some examples:

    • How does atmospheric composition  (Topic #6) relate to the Radiation Laws & the Greenhouse Effect? (Topic #5)

    •  How do photons( Topic #4 relate to the energy transfer process of radiation? (Topic #7)?

    • How does the nature of matter and energy (Topic #3) relate to the energy transfer process of conduction (Topic #7)

 

Click here for:  PRACTICE QUESTIONS